DoS (Denial of Service)
This includes vulnerabilities ranging from excessive resource consumption (e.g. causing a system to use a lot of memory) to crashing an application or an entire system.
Manipulation of data
This includes vulnerabilities where a user or a remote attacker can manipulate local data on a system, but not necessarily be able to gain escalated privileges or system access.
The most frequent type of vulnerabilities with this impact are SQL-injection vulnerabilities, where a malicious user or person can manipulate SQL queries.
Privilege escalation
This covers vulnerabilities where a user is able to conduct certain tasks with the privileges of other users or administrative users.
This typically includes cases where a local user on a client or server system can gain access to the administrator or root account thus taking full control of the system.
Security Bypass
This covers vulnerabilities or security issues where malicious users or people can bypass certain security mechanisms of the application.
The actual impact varies significantly depending on the design and purpose of the affected application.
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